TO ENGLAND WITH LOVE
Category: PoliticsCHAPTER TWO
From far and wide and every land they come to gaze in awe upon it — the seat of liberty, the throne of conscience, the cradle of democracy, the Mother of Parliaments. Here, beside the sweet Thames, if nowhere else in the world, a man can breathe the very air of freedom. Here, they are told, in this great Parliament, the people of England maintain to this day the right they established centuries ago to control their own destinies. This is the powerhouse; the very centre of events; the model for constitutions which half the independent nations of Africa have overthrown. The visitor, suitably pious and humble, enters and mounts to the Strangers’ Gallery. And what does he see? A few half-asleep members of Parliament listening to one half-awake member of Parliament making a speech, pausing every now and again for some piece of incomprehensible ritual as people in breeches, ruffles and wigs strut in and out carrying symbolic sticks and baubles. That this Mother of Parliaments is a very ancient lady, not to say doddering, is confirmed to the visitor as it grows dark. In the gloom, he notices one of the lolling figures on the benches below uncoil itself and rise.
“Mr Speaker,” he says, plaintively, “I move that candles be brought in.”
The electric lights are switched on. And the visitor departs, congratulating himself that he has done his duty but wishing he had chosen a day when something important was happening. He will hear later that a Bill to make attendance at the House of Commons compulsory has been passed by three votes to two. He will think for a moment that one of the men he saw in the Chamber must have voted twice but then he will dismiss the thought from his mind and replace it, hopefully for England, with the fond and erroneous preconceptions with which he entered the Palace of Westminster.
Anyone who has actually been present in a place where matters of importance are discussed and decided knows that the atmosphere does not resemble that of a school debating society crossed with a “Masonic lodge. But that is the atmosphere of Parliament. It is one of those English institutions in which the form remains enshrined in ceremony and tradition and ritual long after most of the substance has departed. There was real substance once. Parliament, after all, was the place where those who were going to be asked to pay taxes were summoned to make representations and give their advice about what taxes would be accepted and how they should be collected. There was even a time when it could refuse to allow the taxes. But once the political parties got Parliament sewn up a hundred years ago, with members having to submit to party discipline and party loyalty because it was party organisation that got them into Parliament and kept them there, all power started to pass from Parliament to Government. And that is the way it has been moving ever since.
The consequence is that nine-tenths of what goes on at Westminster is an elaborate piece of play-acting. Most of the speeches are not intended to influence thought or action, but to enable members, through reports in their local newspapers, to prove to their constituents that they are still alive, if not omnipotent: to allow them to point to Hansard to prove how hard thfcy tried to stop the power station being built in the city’s only park. Even the much- vaunted Question Time is a piece of shadow boxing with rules carefully. arranged to see that nobody gets really hurt; a pantomime in which a member flails a Minister with a bladder on a stick, and the Minister slaps back with’a string of sausages.
Parliament must make the most of its opportunities at Question Time because it is the only’ acknowledgement offered, however transparent, to its independence. The rest of the time, the members are lobby fodder, rendered by the party system incapable of stopping, or even amending in any significant way, legislation of which they disapprove. Little wonder the more talented of their number begin to despair of the system. Proclaiming themselves in their campaign speeches as the people’s watchdogs, they soon discover that they have no facilities whatever — no office, no secretary, no research team — to enable them to keep watch in any serious way on the executive. All that is required of them as members of the country’s sovereign assembly is that they shall vote as they are directed. A flicker of disobedience and they are hauled up to be ticked off by,the whips; a serious sign of rebellion and the Prime Minister himself will lay into them with warnings that every dog is allowed one bite, but only one. At the second, its licence is taken away; in other words the party withdraws its support.
They flex their muscles at Question Time, and then when the division bell rings they must meekly swallow whatever feelings of power this exercise has given them and, mopping the make-believe sweat from their brows, troop away behind their leader through the appropriate lobby door. Their choice is not between a sensible decision and a stupid decision, a good law or a bad one. It is between their party and the other party. Their mildest reservations, if pressed, are made a major issue of loyalty — not to good sense, not to good law, not even to the people they represent. But to the party.
The parties have cleverly contrived a system whereby backbenchers cannot stop measure they do not like when proposed by their own government: it instantly becomes a major issue of confidence, and instead of having to choose whether to let this one single measure become law or not, they have to choose whether to bring their whole government down, and perhaps precipitate a general election and let the other party in — perhaps even lose their seats as well. The consequence is that this has never been done, in this century anyway; MPs have sometimes got’rid of one leader and replaced him by another, sometimes dissolved or formed coalitions, but bring down their own government and force a general election — well, theoretically it could happen, just as theoretically the Queen could divorce Prince Philip.
Backbenchers with the right contacts among the Press used to be able to exert some small influence on events by leaking advance information about plans they opposed to newspapers which would also be opposed, and less inhibited about saying so. But even this activity is now denied them. The leaks became too frequent and now the information is decidedly scarce. Denial of power is being followed remorselessly by denial of information.
All this is not to say that Parliament does not serve a purpose; only that purpose it serves is not that of the people, but of their rulers. It is very useful to the government as a barrier between the people and Whitehall. It serves as a safety valve; a place where the people can get things off their chests; a place for sound and fury signifying very little. An angry Parliamentary debate has the same effect upon national events as a slammed door has upon domestic arguments. It is emphatic; it is deeply, though momentarily, satisfying; and it settles nothing at all. (Parliament consists, of course, of two Houses—Lords and Commons — but the House of Lords does not enter into the discussion at all. It has only two functions: to give out front-row seats at Coronations, and to provide writing paper on which peers can write irate letters to The Times and placatory letters to tradesmen. Though of course on great matters of State it does have the vital constitutional right .to say “Yes” or “Yes, but not for a few weeks”.)
It is at first surprising that such an institution should still be able to recruit members without conscription. But for one thing the pay is good, 3,000 a year and more if you are lucky or particularly pliable. And for another the working hours are derisory. Although the constant cry of Parliament is that the country must work harder, it does not itself begin work until after lunch, never works at week-ends and has three long holidays a year. Most of all, though, it offers that same prize which persuades so many of the English to become councillors and committee members and club secretaries — importance without significant effort. And it is a fact that some members of Parliament are not frustrated by rigmarole and ritual. In fact they enjoy it, and view with complete equanimity a life of presenting chromium candlesticks to winning greyhounds and opening local fetes as a last-minute substitute for a starlet who has failed to turn up.
Mathematically that has to be the lot of the majority of the 630 MPs. There are only some twenty vital posts to fill — the key ministries’ — and another forty of considerable importance. The key question is: how are those sixty to be selected.
We do not ask Mothers’ Union or the British Legion select the top management of Courtaulds. But this is how, in effect, we select the top management of the country, since it is only for those candidates who please these absurd committees that the electorate is allowed to vote.
Pity the poor candidate. If his selection is a farce, his training is a travesty. He wins his election; his party is put in power. If he is one of the sixty chosen immediately for office, he will be pitchforked straight into a ministry. If he is not, he becomes a backbencher, where he will have no chance whatever to lay so much as a fingertip on the process of government, let alone get to grips with it. He controls nothing, arranges nothing, orders nothing. Nor can he learn by observing others how to do these things, since the process of government is not carried out in the House of Commons but in the Minis- tries of Whitehall. And he is certainly not welcome there, even as an eager-eyed apprentice. The most he can hope for is that he will be selected for one of the many all-party delegations which go off on nice free trips abroad to watch the process of government in a newdy-independent country. He is moreover all the time aware that at , any moment, and at the latest in five years, he might be chucked out of Parliament altogether and have to go back to work Prudence therefore insists that, while striving to attract the notice and favour of his new masters and learn their ways, he. must also retain the approval of his old. Indeed if he is wise, he will try to keep working at his old job. If nothing else, it will give him something productive to do while he is a member of Parliament.
It is patently possible that the United Kingdom should have no o-overnment at all. And it is obvious, when one looks carefully, who is doing the governing.
It is the senior Civil Servants. They do indeed have the rigorous selection process, the probationary period, the apprenticeship, the wide experience of the different aspects of government, the ever- increasing responsibility and authority. They have the day-to-day contact with the practical realities of governing They have the continuity, whatever “government” may be in office, whatever politician they are given as minister. They provide, say, Treasury policy as a single continuing factor, irrespective of which Government is in power. Even the Common Market decision is really a Civil Service decision. (And the French Civil Service at that.) They pretend they are merely high-level clerks, “the administration”, humbly and anonymously carrying out orders, executing other men’s visions. It is true that they are anonymous. They do not have to answer to the public, or to government committees. They might even be humble. Nevertheless, they are our government. For the system,’by its very nature, forces them to be the people who take the long-term decisions and formulate the advanced policies, even if the documents carry a politician’s signature, and the television screen a politician’s sftiile.
The question that arises now is, if the Civil Servants are doing the governing, what are the politiciars doing? Well, what is it that their habits seem to suggest? What use is there in their habit of mingling with all sorts and conditions of people; their habit of reading all manner of newspapers and periodicals; their habit of inviting their constituents to come to them and tell them their troubles; their habit of trying to detect and interpret even the slightest changes in the public mood and atmosphere and then trying to find “policies” that will appeal to and suit these changes? These, of course, are not the arts of government. But they are the arts of advertising and public relations. And that is what the politicians are doing. They are handling the P. R. and advertising for true, concealed government; the Civil Servants.
This becomes quite clear when one deliberately equates government with management and politics with public relations. The parallels are obvious. Management and government are about solving problems; P. R. and politics are about shelving them. Management and government are about long-term realities; P. R. and politics are about short-term appearances. Management and government are about finding the right course of action; P. R. and politics are about finding the right form of words. Management and government are about precise instructions; P. R. and politics are about vague premises. Management and government are about steering a ship on a long, steady voyage; P. R. and politics are about surfriding, catching the wave of public opinion with the plank of their “policy”. Management and government are about making the right decisions; P. R. and politics are about making sure you cannot be proved to have made the wrong ones.
Once it is. understood that politicians are public relations officers for their publicity-shy bosses, the Civil Service Permanent Secretaries, Parliament and politics become intelligible. Their power is the power of the P. R. man who decides the form and timing of announcements, who can sometimes influence events.
(From To England with Love by D. Frost and A. Jay)